Diabetes Diabetes And Diabetes Essay - 1172 Words

Diabetes refers to clinically and heterogenous group of disorders described by abnormal high levels blood glucose. Diabetes is ranked as 6th leading cause of death. It direct annual medical costs is approximately over $ 92 billion, and another $ 40 billion indirect cost. It affects approximately 18.2 million people in the USA (Arcangelo Peterson, 2013). Explain the differences between types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, gestational, and juvenile diabetes. There are three major classification of diabetes. These includes diabetes type 1 mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes and diabetes that is secondary to pancreatic diseases and hormonal imbalances (Huether McCance, 2012). Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. This is an autoimmune response whereby the pancreatic beta cells responsible for secretion of insulin hormones are destroyed. The insulin hormone has the responsibility of promoting cellular uptake and utilization of glucose in order to maintain the metabolic functions. When these cells are destroyed, the pancreas doesn t produce insulin, making the blood glucose level to sky rocket. This is common among the paediatric population. The main aetiologies are unknown, but is hypothesized that the onset of this disease is caused by viruses that attack pancreases regions responsible for insulin production. The general clinical manifestation includes frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision andShow MoreRelatedDiabetes : Diabetes And Diabetes3153 Words   |  13 PagesPeople all around the world might know someone with diabetes, but might have never realized how did they get diabetes, what will happen with them, what do they go through, what makes them change their lives, or what is there everyday basis when someone has diabetes? It may not be your problem, but to show respect and care for the one who may have diabetes can help them and benefit yourself to know more about it and have a better understanding of it. It can impact a person s personal life to knowRead MoreDiabetes : The Growth Of Knowledge On Diabetes1018 Words   |  5 PagesDiabetes The research focused on explaining the meaning of diabetes and how literary some concepts can be used to control the situation. Diabetes is a defect in the body that results from the inability to convert glucose to energy. In the medical terms, glucose is the primary source of energy that enables the body to execute its functions effectively. The types of foods that affect the blood sugars are called carbohydrates. We can find carbohydrates in foods such as potatoes, corn, fruit, rice andRead MoreDiabetes And Its Effects On Diabetes1408 Words   |  6 Pagesgo hand in hand with diabetes. Everyone who has diabetes goes through different events or problems each and every day. However, there is more than just one type of diabetes that corresponds with these things; there are two distinct types. It is unsure how Diabetes was discovered but now there are much simpler ways to detect if someone is diabetic. As time has gone on, it is greatly apparent that the technology and all that scien tists know about diabetes has changed. Diabetes is a disease in whichRead MoreDiabetes : Diabetes And Diabetes1433 Words   |  6 Pages Diabetes mellitus (sometimes called sugar diabetes) is a condition that occurs when the body can t use glucose (a type of sugar) normally. Glucose is the main source of energy for the body s cells. The levels of glucose in the blood are controlled by a hormone called insulin, which is made by the pancreas. Insulin helps glucose enter the cells. In diabetes, the pancreas does not make enough insulin (type 1 diabetes) or the body can t respond normally to the insulin that is made (type 2 diabetes)Read MoreDiabetes : Diabetes And Diabetes1193 Words   |  5 Pagesthe family has diabetes. Her husband, your grandfather, is at risk for diabetes. Your father has diabetes. Your mother is at risk for diabetes. Your half-sister on your father’s side of the family was recently tested for diabetes. What kind of future regarding diabetes does that leave you with? This may not be you, but this is me. This is my diabetic and at risk family. What is the difference between the types of diabetes? What are the possible problems I can have because of diabetes? How can I treatRead MoreDiabetes : Diabetes And Diabetes1371 Words   |  6 PagesDiabetes For my health project topic I chose Diabetes. One of my aunts has type one diabetes, and that is partially why I chose to do this topic. Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar) because of varying reasons. Some of these reasons include insulin production is inadequate or because the body’s cells don’t respond properly to insulin, or both. Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas that regulates the amount of glucose in theRead MoreDiabetes : Diabetes And Diabetes851 Words   |  4 Pages Diabetes comes in multiple forms: type 1, or diabetes insipidus; type 2, or diabetes mellitus; or gestational, which occurs during pregnancy and may be either type 1 or type 2. Diabetes is a metabolic disease where the person has high blood glucose. (Blood glucose is also know was blood sugar.) When the person has high blood sugar it’s either because the insulin result is insufficient, or the body’s cells don’t respond to the insulin like it should, or both can happen. There are different typesRead MoreDiabetes Is An Illness Of Diabetes2273 Words   |  10 Pages INTRODUCTION Diabetes is an illness that’s been raising for many years and yet there hasn’t been a cure found for it. Diabetes is diagnosed when you have too much glucose also known as sugar in your blood, where the pancreas isn’t able to make enough insulin to pass the sugar in use for energy to the different cells in your body. Glucose in the bloodstreams comes from the carbohydrate foods which are changed into sugar after we have eaten them or the glucose that’s been stored in the liver thatRead MoreDiabetes : Diabetes And Diabetes919 Words   |  4 PagesResistance: Diabetes Diabetes mellitus is most commonly known as diabetes. Diabetes is formally a Greek word that translates to, â€Å"the making of lots of urine with sugar in it or making sweet urine† Brawley. This disease is due to a metabolic dysfunction. Diabetes is caused due to the fact that insufficient insulin is being produced in the pancreas. Sometimes this disease can even be caused because the cells are not being responsive to the insulin being produced. Unfortunately diabetes is not justRead MoreWhat Is Diabetes? Types Of Diabetes Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Is Diabetes? Types Of Diabetes By Harshad Jethra | Submitted On June 05, 2015 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Harshad Jethra Diabetes is also referred to as diabetes mellitus, and may

Case Analysis on Wal-Mart using the IE Matrix, SWOT...

Overview When Sam Walton founded the first Wal-Mart in 1962, the idea of bringing in a discount-shopping store into rural America was almost unheard of, except for the local five and dime stores. When Walton noticed that he had a lot of competition from regional discount chains, him and his wife Helen traveled the country to study other new retailing concepts, and were convinced that it was the wave of the future. With Waltons vision, Wal-Mart grew to be a multi-billion dollar, international company, operating about 4,600 stores around the world. Wal-Mart competes in many industries that include: 5331- Retail-Variety stores, 5411-Grocery stores, 5311-Department stores, 5812-Eating Places, 5399-Miscellaneous General Merchandise store,†¦show more content†¦These products are their main service. Their concern for public image is stated: We will continue to offer scholarships to deserving high-school graduates. Wal-Mart intends to make the future better. They want to see more high-school graduates go on to college and make something of themselves. By offering scholarships, it helps these graduates to pursue their dreams for a better future. The mission statement mentions technology in that: Consumers have been conveniently provided not only with the use of on-line shopping. On-line shopping is becoming the main way for a lot of people to do their shopping. Technology is making on-line shopping as easy as possible so people do not have to leave the privacy of their own homes and, in turn, they get to spend more time with their families. The mission statement aims at markets by saying: Wal-Mart is accomplished as a universal competitor. Wal-Mart has stores worldwide. They have conquered the international market. They are the number one retail-variety store in the world. The mission statement shows a concern for employees by saying: We are dedicated to recruiting, rewarding, and retaining employees of good moral standing. They want their employees to know that they actually have aShow MoreRelatedPG Strategic Plan8305 Words   |  34 PagesEvaluation Matrix 8-13 Internal Forces Evaluation Matrix 13-18 Financial and Operational Analysis 18-21 Strategic Recommendations 21-31 The Grand Strategy Matrix 21-24 Internal-External Matrix 24-27 SWOT Matrix 27-28 Strategy Selections 29-31 Action Plan 31-32 Implementation Activities 31-32 Implementation Risks and Mitigation 32 Conclusion 33-34 Appendix A Strategic Assessment IFE Matrix i EFE Matrix ii DebtRead MoreClorox Case Analysis Essay5005 Words   |  21 Pagesrun to ensure Clorox innovates products and takes advantage of growth trends outside of the domestic U.S. market. Implementing the â€Å"Clorox Clarity† program will centralize resources to the eco office, allowing more efficient distribution and communication with Clorox’s corporate office. More importantly, the eco office will implement a framework to foster knowledge sharing, information distribution and skills transfer from the three current green divisions - Burt’s Bees, Brita and Green Works - acrossRead MoreClorox, the Way Forward5000 Words   |  20 Pagesrun to ensure Clorox innovates products and takes advantage of growth trends outside of the domestic U.S. market. Implementing the â€Å"Clorox Clarity† program will centralize resources to the eco office, allowing more efficient distribution and communication with Clorox’s corporate office. More importantly, the eco offic e will implement a framework to foster knowledge sharing, information distribution and skills transfer from the three current green divisions - Burt’s Bees, Brita and Green Works - acrossRead MoreStrategic Management and Lowe25663 Words   |  103 Pages.................................. 1 III. SWOT Environment Analysis ............................................................................................. 2 Lowe‟s SWOT Analysis.............................................................................................................. 2 Lowe‟s SWOT Matrix ................................................................................................................. 2 Home Depot‟s SWOT Matrix .........................................Read MoreOption Evaluation ‚Äà ¬ Stakeholder Expectations7684 Words   |  31 PagesStrategy, Analysis and Evaluation STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WIMM BILL DANN Report prepared by: Georges A. Bouverat Reg. # 200556668 Kinsey Kenneth W. Gregson Reg. # 200563139 Kinsey Stephen Hopkinson Reg. # Kinsey Jennifer Quinton Reg. # Kinsey Robert Reynolds Reg. # Kinsey Anna C. Seidel Reg. # 200653802 Ledaig Executive Summary (300-400 words) From Workbook, pg 121: â€Å"†¦should be a short, high-level report in its own right, in which you should communicateRead MoreKraft Foods Case Study6400 Words   |  26 Pages(Kraft Food Inc. 2010). Kraft Food Company was having more than 100,000 diverse employees all over the world. Currently, Kraft Food Company is a second largest food and beverage company in the world after Nestle. C. TYPE OF PRODUCTS Furthermore, according to Joel (2010), Kraft Food Company is popular with cheese and dairy, snack foods and confectionary, beverage and convenient foods. However, Kraft Food Company is basically focusing more on cheese and dairy products such as cottage cheese andRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesat a profit and in a socially responsible manner. Marketing is not limited to business. Whenever you try to persuade somebody to do something you are engaging in marketing. Thus marketing has a broad societal meaning. In fact, the societal view is more truly descriptive of marketing today. Moreover, modern business marketing activities are to a large extent, a consequence of the societal view of marketing. The essence of marketing is a transaction, an exchange intended to satisfy human needs or wants

Cultural Diversity free essay sample

The first is cultural autonomy which stresses the importance of folkways, customs and beliefs and retains the identity of a culture. The second is acculturation which is an acceptance of customs different from primary society and adapting to the rules of a new culture. The third is cultural imposition which imposes the ways of one culture onto another (Barker, 2009). The Hispanic population has exceeded that of African Americans and is now the largest minority group in the United States according to the 2000 census (Barker, 2009). This creates not only language barriers but differences in cultural beliefs can create further ommunication barriers if the healthcare professional is not culturally competent. The purpose of this paper is to show the cultural beliefs and values of the Hispanic population and the implications for healthcare providers. Nursing assessment and discharge planning can only be effective if cultural values are incorporated into the care. Through the acknowledgement of these beliefs in our care we can improve the health outcomes of this community. Summary of Article The article The Hispanic Family and Male -Female Relationships: An Overview, Galanti focuses on traditional Hispanic family relationships their implications for ealth care providers. Recognizing the different degrees of acculturation, Galati focuses on the traditional unacculturated Hispanic family. The family is the primary unit and a strong cultural value in Hispanic culture (Galant, 2003). Hispanic families are typically larger than the American family and often include extended family. The American family is based on the concept of the nuclear family. Americans stress individualism and autonomy expecting patients to make their own health care decisions Hispanics value familismo (loyalty and solidarity) and interdependence ithin the immediate and extended family therefore healthcare decisions may include the entire family. Along the same line, American culture stresses independence and self care whereas Hispanic family members tend to take care of the patient to the extent of limiting self care activities. A very important value of the Hispanic population is privacy and that emotional problems are to be kept private within the family. Mental health illness is looked down upon and there is reluctance professionals. The author discusses two main features of the mans role in the family. These features are machismo and patriarchal authority (Galanti, 2003). A mans role is to be a good provider and to protect and honor their families. This machismo . can also have negative connotation when the male feels he has to prove his masculinity by controlling women. When surveyed Hispanic students stated that the womens role was to cook and care for the children (Galant, 2003). They also stated that a good wife should be submissive and take orders from her husband (Galant, 2003). Men are viewed as the boss of the family and thus important decisions are deferred to the man of the house. Traditional Hispanic females are very modest in regards to their body and their sexuality. The prevailing religion among Hispanics is Catholicism. Application to Practice There are many implications and interventions relating to cultural differences in the Hispanic population that are important to recognize in delivering quality patient care. Appreciating the importance of the family is of the utmost importance if we are to give holistic, quality care to the Hispanic patient. Nurses need to involve the family in healthcare decisions, care of the patient and discharge lanning. With Hispanic families being typically larger than American families, we must make accommodations for visitation of extended family while in the hospital. To help the patient that is going through rehabilitation achieve independence in self care the nurse could suggest other aspects of his care in which family members could participate as good compromise.. Traditional Hispanics may defer decision making to other family members Hispanics many times will want the physician to withhold information about a terminal illness (Galanti, 2003). It is important for roviders to discuss early on who should receive information on their condition. Modesty is very important to the Hispanic female patient therefore health care professionals should take measures to ensure patient privacy. The emphasis placed on machismo along with female modesty and womens shyness regarding sexuality has an impact on Hispanic womens health issues. There is a high incidence of domestic violence in traditional Hispanic culture. The influence of Catholicism along with modestly and male dominance make it less likely for a Hispanic women to suggest a man use a condom. According to the Center for Disease Control, Hispanic women are one of the fastest growing Aids populations in the country. Hispanic women are less likely to do self breast exams or get annual Pap smears contributing to the rise in cervical cancer and delayed diagnosis of breast cancer in this cultural group (Galanti, 2003). It is especially important for nurses to establish good communication with the Hispanic patient. Personalismo (personal, intimate relationship) is very important in many Hispanic cultures (Galanti, 2003). By developing a trusting relationship with the nurse, a Hispanic patient may open up nd discuss with the nurse private issues such as emotional or sexual problems, sexual abuse, or domestic violence that would otherwise go untreated and unrecognized. Conclusion As nurses we take care of patients and families from many different countries biases. We must recognize these so we do not impose our beliefs on those with different cultural beliefs and values. In reading this article I became more aware of the strong cultural beliefs of the Hispanic culture their impact healthcare delivery. Simple things like involving the whole family in the care of the patient can helps stablish a trust between the health caregiver and the patient, The patient will therefore be more open to healthcare advise and more compliant with their treatment regimen . Various ethnic groups have different social and cultural experiences and our increased cultural knowledge and empathy, of these ethnic heritages of our patients is essential for the promotion of trusting, positive relationships with our clients (Baker 2009). Focusing on cultural diversity prevents us from stereotyping our patients and helps us mold our care to the individual beliefs and values of each patient.

Review Im Not Scared Essay Example

Review: Im Not Scared Essay However this also demonstrates the idea that people are capable of making their own moral choices and are able to show compassion and selflessness in times of need. Bullying is explored throughout the novel and is used to further demonstrate mans capacity for evil, this is enhanced by the adults who are corrupt and are raising their children on the idea that to gain power it is acceptable to bully others. The novel focuses on the Idea that peoples ability to be evil Is also enhanced by people, especially men, feeling the need to prove themselves, to be brave and strong and rueful. This Idea Is demonstrated when Sergei Is leading a meeting between the adults who captured Fillips and they are talking about what they should do. It Is a pivotal scene because it is when Michele finally discovers what his father has to do with the boy in the hole. Fillips mother appears on the television issuing a plea to Filipinos captors to release him. Even though Piano, Missiles father, has a son he shows no signs of sympathizing with the woman and in order to prove his manliness and bravado in front of the other men he: Made the scissors sign with his fingers. Two ears well cut off. We will write a custom essay sample on Review: Im Not Scared specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Review: Im Not Scared specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Review: Im Not Scared specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Two. This proves that he may believe and know that what they are doing is wrong but because of the bullying by the men from the North, mainly their representative Sergei, he feels he has to prove himself and does the wrong thing In front of Michele. This demonstrates mans capacity for evil because It shows that weak minded people will do the wrong thing when bullied Into It. Mans capacity for evil Is also shown when the children, mainly Skull and his older brother Fence, are introduced to bullying from a young age and are brought up not knowing that it is wrong to bully someone. Skulls father works with Sergei, Missiles father and the there men to capture Fillips and we see evidence that Skull and Fence have seen bullying before; enough to believe it is acceptable. Skull even bullies his younger friends in order to gain power because he hasnt been taught that bullying is wrong. When Michele loses the race Skull still chooses Barbara to do the forfeit and tells her to remove her trousers. She says no and he slaps her across the face causing her to oblige. Luckily Michele realizes that it is the wrong this to do and steps in and stops her: Skull got up and strolled towards her with his hands In his pockets O lost owe pull down your trousers Skull slapped her across the face. The children are imitating the cruel adult world they have grown up with and arent realizing that some of the things they are doing Is wrong. This Idea of bullying In the adult world being translated into the childrens games shows peoples capacity for evil even at a capacity for evil is a lso demonstrated by the overwhelming poverty that is, in a sense, one of the causes of the bullying because people Just want to better their situations. The devastating poverty that the town of Aqua Traverse faces is used to emphasis societys ability to be evil and to cause self-destruction because it shows that in the end the most important thing to someone is themselves and their family and in the situation some people are in, they will do anything to make their lives better. The kidnapping of Fillips is the major crime in the book which causes the immense social breakdown. Michele and his family are in a dreadful situation where Piano is often away from home for long periods of time as he tries to provide financially for his family. Times are tough and when the adults are bullied by Sergei into believing that damping the boy and asking for a ransom is the best thing to do and the only way of making their situation better they take it. In a way they are to be pitied for this because one can see that they are almost innocently Just trying to better their family. It is ironic to think they were happier before they kidnapped the boy and this helps to show that although man has the capacity to be evil it is never the right thing to do. Sergei uses verbal abuse and bullying to make all of his Southern followers believe that what they are doing is not only the right thing, but that it will help them to lead deter lives: Right from the start, you people have made one mistake after another told them up North we couldnt rely on you Youre incompetent. He uses this as a kind of reverse psychology in order to get them to stick with the plan. This shows individual peoples capability to be evil and to use others to better themselves and their situations in times of poverty, whether it is Sergei trying to use others to help him with his schemes or Piano and Teresa using others to better their lives, both situations demonstrate a definite capacity for evil in humans. The fact that Piano and Teresa engage in the kidnapping, even though they are Just trying to better their position shows that humans have the aptitude for self-destruction as well as evil. In the final scene when Piano shoots his own son because he is indulging in acts of evil it is evident that humans not only have the capacity for evil but for self-destruction as well. When Piano is holding his son who he has shot he pleads with the authorities to help him because he finally realizes Just how much he had and that he didnt appreciate that enough and if he hadnt done the wrong thing he may still have been able to keep all that he once had: l didnt recognize him. Help me, please, hes my son. Hes wounded. I didnt The scene reveals Just how mans capacity for evil enables greater capacity for self-destruction, however this idea is used to show that although man has the facility to indulge in acts of wickedness and self-destruction not all people do and this is also made clear by Amanita throughout the novel. The use of bullying and poverty is incorporated by Amanita to demonstrate mans capacity for evil but this is also used to demonstrate that not all people use their ability to be evil and self-destructive. Some people, such as Michele, are capable of kindness and compassion even when the people around them are indulging themselves in acts of evil and self-destruction. Before Piano finds out that Michele knows about the boy in the hole, Michele stumbles upon the adults having a meeting bogeyman by day he was good, but at night he was bad. This realization causes him to lose some of his respect for his father and he decides that he must see Fillips again. Michele sees Fillips mother on the news telling Fillips that she loves him. Michele sneaks out to find Fillips again: l must go. And I must tell him about his other, that she still loved him and that she had said so on television. This act of extreme selflessness by Michele next to his discovery that his father is evil reinforces the compassion of Michele when he sneaks off, putting himself in danger, in order to do the right thing by Fillips. This illustrates the true ability that humans have to be compassionate against all odds even when others are being cruel and evil. Because Michele has such a strong connection with his father he finds it difficult to go against what his father wants when he finds out that Michele had met Fillips and knew what was going on. He knows that the promises his father forces him to make are morally wrong and so he must choose between defying his father who he loves or doing what is right and in the end he does what is right because he knows that what has been done to Fillips cannot be Justified no matter how much he loves his father and wants to believe that there is still good in him. Michele does try to forget about Fillips and this shows that humans have the capacity to show compassion which is what Amanita is trying to demonstrate by the polar opposites of Michele and his fathers actions. Michele struggles with his conscious because he wants to do right by his ether while also doing the right thing: What was I going to do? I had promised him I would go and see him again, but I couldnt, I had sworn to papa that I wouldnt go. Because he has promised Fillips he will come back he is tormented by the thought of not returning to him and helping him. This proves that although Michele, like any human being, has the capacity for evil and self-destruction he also has the capacity for selflessness and compassion which is a major part of the novel as Amanita describes the two very different sides of human nature through very different characters. Im not scared by Niccole Amanita incorporates poverty and bullying to enhance the idea that humans have a definite capacity for evil and self-destruction but this idea is also used to illustrate the fact that people are capable of rising above this and can act in selfless and compassionate ways regardless of the ways people are acting around them. This description of the different forms of human nature provides an important lesson for all and shows that even in the most extreme of situations when social decay is overwhelming humans have the ability to rise up and do the right thing.

Lung Cancer Essay

Lung Cancer Essay Lung Cancer Essay 1 Genetic mapping and pharmacologic treatments of NSCLC: a review of the literature 2 Abstract Despite recent advances in medicine, lung cancer continues to be the most common cause of cancer-related deaths. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of all lung cancers. Researchers have identified epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations that increase the risk for lung cancer in smokers and non-smokers. New pharmacological therapies are aimed at suppressing these oncogene and decreasing the rate of metastasis in certain types of lung cancers. These findings can be useful in not only lung cancer therapies but also other types of cancers. In this review, we provide a brief overview regarding the biology of epidermal growth factor receptor and the development of EGFR inhibitors for the treatment of NSCLC. 3 Introduction Worldwide and in the United States, lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths. Lung cancer accounts for 28% of cancer deaths in men and 26% of cancer deaths in women (American Cancer Society, 2012). Lung cancer surpassed breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer deaths in women in the late 1980’s and now almost twice as many women die of lung cancer as breast cancer (Siegel, 2011). Non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC), account for 85% of all lung cancers. Although chemotherapy has advanced in the treatment of NSCLC, the prognosis is still poor (Smith, 2004). As a class, NSCLC are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared to small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). The 5-year survival rate for lung cancer is only 15% (National Cancer Institute, 2012). The high mortality rate of lung cancer is largely related to the advanced state of the disease at the time of diagnosis. Lung adenocarcinomas often begins in the outer part of t he lung, well-known symptoms of lung cancer such as chronic cough and hemoptysis may be less common until the later stages of the disease. Early symptoms like fatigue, mild shortness of breath and myalgia are usually overlooked. The leading cause of lung cancer continues to be cigarette smoking; however, roughly 10% to 15% of lung cancer patients in the United States 4 have no history of smoking (Wakalle, 2007). National prevention efforts continue to focus on smoking cessation; however, the percentage of current smokers in the United States has not changed since 2004, after a significant gradual decline from 1997 (Barnes, 2010). Other important risk factors for the development of lung cancer include environmental exposure to tobacco smoke (second hand smoke), radon gas, occupational carcinogens like asbestos, and pre-existing nonmalignant lung disease. The Environmental Protection Agency has issued specific recommendations to reduce and mitigate cancer caused by environmental exposure. In the last decade there have been small but real advances in lung cancer therapy focusing on lung cancer histology and gene mapping. The identification of mutations in lung cancer has led to the development of molecularly targeted therapy to improve the survival of patients with metastatic disease (Pao, 2011). In particular, subgroups of adenocarcinoma (type of NSC LC) can be defined by specific mutations in gene encoding components of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K). EGFR is a tyrosine kinase that participates in the regulations of cellular homeostasis. Following ligand binding, EGFR stimulates a series of reactions in a cascade that influences cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, survival and complex cellular process like tumorigenesis. 5 The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; Erb-1; HER1 in humans) is the cell-surface receptor for members of the epidermal growth factors family (EGF-family) of extracellular protein ligands (Herbst, 2004). The EGFR is a member of the ErbB family of receptors, a subfamily of four

A Guide to Vertical Lists

A Guide to Vertical Lists A Guide to Vertical Lists A Guide to Vertical Lists By Mark Nichol A recent post described how to organize and format in-line lists, those that occur within a sentence. This one explains the proper use of vertical lists, which are organized by setting the items on the list (following an introductory phrase or sentence), apart from each other, distinguished by numbers, letters, or other symbols, on consecutive lines. Vertical lists are best employed in place of in-line lists when the list is long and/or the items consist of longer phrases or even complete sentences (or even more than one sentence). However, vertical lists are often useful in contexts in which guidance or instruction is being offered, though they are most effective when they are concise, and extended list items are not advised. If list items consist of more than one sentence, the information might be better displayed as regular text. The following vertical list (too simple to be formatted as such but used here for illustrative purposes), is offered as a basic example: The colors of the American flag are red, white, and blue. (Note: This and other correct lists in this post are formatted in boldface.) Just as is the case with an in-line list, if one or more items in a vertical list itself requires a comma, each item should be set off from the others by a semicolon. Note that despite the vertical-list formatting, because the introductory phrase and the list constitute a syntactically organized sentence, the introductory phrase is not punctuated, but terminal punctuation follows the final item. (Some publishers, however, simplify this format by omitting especially the conjunction and perhaps the commas as well.) However, compare the previous example with a version in which the introductory phrase constitutes a complete independent clause: The colors of the American flag are as follows: red white blue Here, the introductory phrase and the list do not constitute a sentence, so the list items are not punctuated. Terminal punctuation is included, however, and first word of each list item is capitalized, if the items are themselves self-contained sentences: Although the colors of the American flag did not have any official meaning when it was designed, the colors on the Great Seal represent the following virtues: White signifies purity and innocence. Red signifies hardiness and valor. Blue signifies vigilance, perseverance, and justice. Note how the sentences in the list are organized consistently. In the following examples, the list items must be revised to make the list syntactically consistent: According to our survey, the top three factors are lax enforcement of budgets and savings being spent in other areas, invalid savings assumptions or changes in the assumptions used to calculate savings, and realized savings are not being effectively tracked. Note how the first two items follow the syntactical structure of the introductory phrase but the third one is an independent clause. The list can be rendered consistent in two ways: According to our survey, the top three factors are lax enforcement of budgets and savings being spent in other areas, invalid savings assumptions or changes in the assumptions used to calculate savings, and ineffective tracking of realized savings. According to our survey, these are the top three factors: Budget enforcement is lax and savings are being spent in other areas. Savings assumptions are invalid or there are changes in the assumptions used to calculate savings. Realized savings are not being effectively tracked. Avoid producing vertical lists in which to or more list items begin with the same word or words, as in this example: In this session, you will learn how to get business processes and systems to scale to business growth, how to build out a financial team to drive and support growth, how to build these important pillars within an audit/business controls mind-set, and securing/managing financing to support corporate growth strategy. To revise, incorporate the recurring word or phrase into the introductory phrase and revise any list items that begin with different wording so that they conform with the others, as shown here: In this session, you will learn how to get business processes and systems to scale to business growth, build out a financial team to drive and support growth, build these important pillars within an audit/business controls mind-set, and secure/manage financing to support corporate growth strategy. Note, too, that any symbol may be used in place of bullets, but the same symbol should be employed throughout not only a single vertical list but also all such lists throughout a document or publication. If one or more items in a vertical list marked by bullets are followed by subsidiary items of their own, a distinct symbol (such as a hollow bullet) should be used for those items, which should also be indented farther than the primary list items. Sometimes, no symbols are used at all, but this strategy is best employed if the items are brief and numerous, such as in a vocabulary list consisting of one- or two-word items. (In addition, a vertical list in which items are short can be formatted into two or more narrow columns if the width of the printed or online page is wide enough to accommodate them.) Also, numbers and letters may be substituted for bullets, but numbers are recommended only when the items in the list should be read in a particular order, such as when outlining a procedure or ranking the list items. Letters are appropriate primarily for multiple-choice test items, for example, or when the text includes frequent cross-references such as â€Å"See item d.† A basic outline-style vertical list can be organized using a simple hierarchy of Arabic numerals and lowercase letters. For a complex outline, the recommended hierarchy of numbers and letters varies according to various style manuals and writing handbooks, but The Chicago Manual of Style advises the following sequence: Roman numerals (I, II, III, and so on), capital letters (A, B, C, and so on), Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on), lowercase letters (a, b, c, and so on) followed by a close parenthesis, Arabic numerals enclosed in parentheses, lowercase letters enclosed in parentheses, and lowercase Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, and so on) followed by a close parenthesis. Another outline format is the decimal outline, as shown below (appropriate indentation not used here): 1. 1.1 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.2 1.2.1 . . . 1.3 1.3.1 . . . 2. 2.1 . . . Ultimately, the goal of any list organization is clarity. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should Know8 Proofreading Tips And Techniques"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?

Assignment for Shareholder Wealth Maximization Essay

Assignment for Shareholder Wealth Maximization - Essay Example Shareholder Wealth Maximization The management of a company finds it tough when they are considering that what should be their goal- profit maximization of the company or the wealth maximization of the shareholders. The profit maximization objective can be pursued by the company management for the short term period. The company should has the objective to gain as much as profit by using the resources effectively and optimally. At the other side the company should take the long term objective of the stockholders’ wealth maximization. The stockholders of the company are interested for getting the returns for the long term as well as short term. The wealth maximization objective should be undertaken by the company management for the long term as it considers the following factors. The risk or uncertainty associated with the performance and the return associated with the company performance. The wealth of the company for the long term is analyzed as the company has to plan for pro viding the long term return. The timing of providing the returns is also considered (Shim and Siegel, p.2). If the company takes the long term objective then they can also fill their short their objective. If they are meeting the stockholder’s objective then the stockholders also invests in the company, as a result the investment will increase and the performance of the company would be better if they utilize those resources effectively. From the researcher point of view shareholder’s wealthy maximization should be the ultimate goal of the company. Goals and Objectives of the Management For analyzing the goals and objectives of a company the researcher has selected Coca-Cola Company which is listed in the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (MSN Money, â€Å"Coca-Cola Co†). The goals and objectives of the company are as follows. The company’s objective is to start at least one program related to physical activity in the countries where they are operating by th e end of 2015. Reducing the carbon emission from the manufacturing unit of the company. For the development of the communities they are associating with the management has planned to return 1% of the operating income to the communities. Packaging material efficiency improvement. Improvement of the water efficiency. The wastewater treatment improvement is among the main goals of the company (The Coca-Cola Company, â€Å"Global Sustainability- Select Goals and Targets†). The goals of the vision 2020 package of Coca-Cola is to make the profit margin double from now, enhance their portfolio They work with 300 bottling partners and are working for the growth target in terms of the operating income and unit cases of volume (The Coca-Cola Company, p.2-33). Among these goals the strategic objectives of the company like increasing the operating income, increase the unit case of volume, enhancing the portfolio or improving the packaging material efficiency improvement support the share holders’ wealth maximization goals when the company is also maintaining the corporate social responsibility. They have the goals of developing the communities in the countries they are operating; also they are working for being environmental friendly through their projects. Analysis and Recommendation Coca-Cola Company has a sustainable long term

Critical review of three seminar readings Essay

Critical review of three seminar readings - Essay Example However, propaganda warfare is not a new tactic. In fact, Sun Tzu in his â€Å"Art of War† (6th Century BC) taught that an essential part of conducting warfare involves deceiving the enemy thus putting him into a disadvantage, ironically but logically, by making him believe that he is in a more advantageous form or position. Critique Indeed, this has been an essential part in the conduct of the cold war wherein Two-time Pulitzer Prize awardee Walter Lippmann argued that their side dwell on what is true and morally upright whilst on the enemy’s was mere propaganda. Well, though most conflicts are seen as a brutal show of force, an equal and sometimes bigger of this plays out using propagandas. As such, even wars are used by politicians and even terrorists to advance their own agendas. Hence, whether willingly or unwillingly, the technical sophistication of mass media has made it probably the most effective conduit for advancing these agendas; and both Bush and Bin Laden has greatly capitalized on this. Thus, Kellner’s critique of US broadcasting networks on his â€Å"Media Propaganda and Spectacle in the War on Iraq: a Critique of U.S. broadcasting network† offers to expose the sins of commission as well as the sins of omission committed by the various networks and taken advantaged of by President George W. Bush. As such, the author launched into an immense rhetoric of lashes against the administration’s ploy to use the War on Iraq through the various US media outfits in an effort to cement itself as the ultimate harbinger of good. In effect, this has set the stage to launch various theatrics such as â€Å"the coalition of the willing†, preemptive strikes and surgical bombings. The author painted a stark picture of a Bush Jr.-driven invasion that seem to be based on the desire to wrap up what his daddy had started and reinforce the United States position as the resident global watch dog (Kellner 2004, p. 330). Of course such an invasion cannot be crafted overnight and against the backdrop of the 9-11 terror attack in late 2001, the architects of war got busy in 2002 to drum up the assault on Iraqi soil. Indeed, war is an ugly business but one cannot argue that though it brings forth economic damages, it can also be profitable for some. Back in the old days, it is the victor that seemingly solely benefits as they thrive from the spoils of war. Nowadays, one does not need for a war’s conclusion but from war itself comes the golden opportunity for media mileage and political leverage. Hence, the exploitation of these opportunities at the expense of Iraq and her people seem to be the center of the paper. Indeed, the facts were stated fully to support the allegations in this paper. However, it would seem that only one side of the story was covered. A quick review of the references used would indicate an inclination on the need to assert the wrongful acts committed during the incursion. There are indeed various areas of concern that may have been committed in this discourse. In effect, the discourse has seemingly singled out President George W. Bush against Saddam Hussein hence bringing about Manicheanism, wherein Bush seems to have been demonized in the critique. The paper likewise went about to decontextualize violence putting heavy emphasis on the attacks made and painting it as irrational while at the same time neglecting the

The Declaration of Independence Essay Example for Free

The Declaration of Independence Essay The ideals and goals of early American life that are expressed in the original documents that were written concerning the early years of American history are a fascinating insight into what the visions of various people were during the beginnings of the new country that was developing across the ocean from Europe. These documents give us a truly unique perspective on what America is and what it means to those who were living within it during its beginnings. It gives a clear picture as to what the goals were of Americans in the early years and we can better understand which of those has survived until today. There are certain goals and visions of America that are universally found within documents that were written in early American times. â€Å"The Declaration of Independence† is perhaps one of the most well-known and important because it sums up the principles on which our country was founded, which are found throughout the other documents in one form or another as well. Freedom and independence, for example, are important visions and goals for American life. Freedom, for example, is an ideal that has been held by our country for a very long time. Everything from freedom of expression, as seen in some of these documents, to freedom of religion and the freedom to be able to live lives the way people wish to live them. Liberty, or freedom, is also seen in â€Å"Give me Liberty or Give Me Death† and this document shows just how important of an ideal it was. Today, liberty and freedom are still two very important ideals in American culture, and goes hand in hand with independence. Another important goal is charity, but also this goes hand in hand with Christianity and the freedom of religion that is so prized in American life. All of these documents share these common ideals about American life and what it represented to those who wrote them and established this new country. America was established on ideals and principles found within these documents, which are still part of American life today and these are still the foundation on which our way of life is built. These documents express these ideals and show that they have been a part of America since its formation.

Oppositional World Views: Plato & The Sophists Essay -- essays researc

The Sophist views and beliefs originated in Ancient Greece around 400 B.C.E. The Sophists were known as wandering rhetoricians who gave speeches to those who could afford to listen. The Sophists deeply believed in the power of rhetoric and how it could improve one’s life. Plato on the other hand was opposed to all Sophist beliefs. He viewed the Sophists as rhetorical manipulators who were only interested in how people could be persuaded that they learned the truth, regardless if it was in fact the truth. Plato basically opposed every view the Sophists held true and tried to disprove them throughout his many dialogues. The Sophists and Plato held two very contrasting views and this paper will attempt to sift through them all in hopes of illustrating each one. This paper will first focus on each group. It will begin by identifying both the Sophists and Plato and then citing the significant principles associated with each world view. This paper will then focus on how each compon ent of their world views relate specifically to rhetoric. Finally, this paper will focus on illustrating each world view by way of current newspaper editorial.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As noted, the Sophists were rooted in ancient Greece but traveled to many places, giving speeches on rhetoric to those who could afford to listen. Within their teachings, the Sophists focused on rhetorical techniques and how they could be used to successfully argue any side of an argument. They harped on the idea that through their teachings, self improvement could be achieved because those who controlled language had the power. The Sophists were relativists, which means they believed that an individual or society’s beliefs, while true for that particular individual or society, might be untrue for others. (Bizzell P. & Herzberg, B., 2001, pg. 6) The Sophists referred to this as kairos and said that because of it, there could be no absolute truth because the truth was dependent on that particular person’s point of view. They believed that the only knowledge that humans could achieve is knowledge that is probable because absolute knowledge is unattaina ble. The Sophists feel that this probable knowledge can be boiled down through what they refer to as dissoi logoi. This technique, in which each opposing side of an argument is examined in order to identify the probable truth, was developed by Protago... ..., this would be dusting away the debris (the myths) and uncovering the absolute truth of what really happened. Through rhetoric, probable truths such as McDonalds had to pay three million, are cleared out and absolute truths, McDonalds had to pay $640,000, are uncovered. (Doroshow, J. pg.1-3) This is exactly how Plato would have had it. To summarize, the Sophists were traveling rhetoricians who were paid to teach people techniques to becoming great arguers and persuaders. They were relativists who believed there was no absolute truth, only probable. This probable truth was discovered through kairos, dependent on a person’s situation, or dissoi logoi, the truth is uncovered by examining opposing arguments. The philosopher Plato was in opposition to virtually every belief the Sophists had. He believed in absolute truth and that rhetoric and discourse should be used to uncover this truth. He also believed that false rhetoric was that of the Sophists. Whether the Sophist view is correct or Plato’s view is, there is some sort of truth out there and maybe one day it can be decided as to which method best uncovered it. But until then, the debate will rage on, as it did within this paper. Oppositional World Views: Plato & The Sophists Essay -- essays researc The Sophist views and beliefs originated in Ancient Greece around 400 B.C.E. The Sophists were known as wandering rhetoricians who gave speeches to those who could afford to listen. The Sophists deeply believed in the power of rhetoric and how it could improve one’s life. Plato on the other hand was opposed to all Sophist beliefs. He viewed the Sophists as rhetorical manipulators who were only interested in how people could be persuaded that they learned the truth, regardless if it was in fact the truth. Plato basically opposed every view the Sophists held true and tried to disprove them throughout his many dialogues. The Sophists and Plato held two very contrasting views and this paper will attempt to sift through them all in hopes of illustrating each one. This paper will first focus on each group. It will begin by identifying both the Sophists and Plato and then citing the significant principles associated with each world view. This paper will then focus on how each compon ent of their world views relate specifically to rhetoric. Finally, this paper will focus on illustrating each world view by way of current newspaper editorial.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As noted, the Sophists were rooted in ancient Greece but traveled to many places, giving speeches on rhetoric to those who could afford to listen. Within their teachings, the Sophists focused on rhetorical techniques and how they could be used to successfully argue any side of an argument. They harped on the idea that through their teachings, self improvement could be achieved because those who controlled language had the power. The Sophists were relativists, which means they believed that an individual or society’s beliefs, while true for that particular individual or society, might be untrue for others. (Bizzell P. & Herzberg, B., 2001, pg. 6) The Sophists referred to this as kairos and said that because of it, there could be no absolute truth because the truth was dependent on that particular person’s point of view. They believed that the only knowledge that humans could achieve is knowledge that is probable because absolute knowledge is unattaina ble. The Sophists feel that this probable knowledge can be boiled down through what they refer to as dissoi logoi. This technique, in which each opposing side of an argument is examined in order to identify the probable truth, was developed by Protago... ..., this would be dusting away the debris (the myths) and uncovering the absolute truth of what really happened. Through rhetoric, probable truths such as McDonalds had to pay three million, are cleared out and absolute truths, McDonalds had to pay $640,000, are uncovered. (Doroshow, J. pg.1-3) This is exactly how Plato would have had it. To summarize, the Sophists were traveling rhetoricians who were paid to teach people techniques to becoming great arguers and persuaders. They were relativists who believed there was no absolute truth, only probable. This probable truth was discovered through kairos, dependent on a person’s situation, or dissoi logoi, the truth is uncovered by examining opposing arguments. The philosopher Plato was in opposition to virtually every belief the Sophists had. He believed in absolute truth and that rhetoric and discourse should be used to uncover this truth. He also believed that false rhetoric was that of the Sophists. Whether the Sophist view is correct or Plato’s view is, there is some sort of truth out there and maybe one day it can be decided as to which method best uncovered it. But until then, the debate will rage on, as it did within this paper.

Table Setup

TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS, TYPES OF SERVICE, AND TABLE SETTINGS Chapter 2 OBJECTIVES ? Differentiate between many types of establishments ? Identify the characteristics of French service, Russian service, English service, and American service ? Describe the arrangement of service ware for the American breakfast, lunch, and dinner cover ? Explain where food items are placed in the American cover as they are served ? Define banquet service, family-style service, buffets, salad bars, oyster bars, and dessert tables 2 INTRODUCTION ? Every restaurant has a unique identity depending on the amenities offered to guests ? Most types of service originated in the private homes of European nobility †¦ Over the years they have been modified for restaurant use ? Today, each type retains particular distinguishing features †¦ Some restaurants have combined features of two or more serving styles to accommodate their menu, facilities, and mode of operation 3 INTRODUCTION ? The four traditional types of service are †¦ French †¦ Russian †¦ English †¦ American ? The cover refers to the arrangement of china, silverware, napkin, and glassware at each place setting ? Other popular types of service are the banquet, family-style, buffets, salad bars, oyster bars, and dessert tables. 4 TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS ? Many terms are used to describe types of restaurants †¦ Tearoom †¦ Family-style †¦ Upscale †¦ Casual †¦ Theme †¦ Quick-service 5 TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS ? The fact of the matter is that restaurants are subjectively classified by the style of operation †¦ There are no clear characteristics for each type of establishment †¦ Traits of one style of restaurant overlap with traits of another ? Creating a unique identity 6 TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS For our purposes here, we could say that types of establishments form somewhat of a continuum †¦ On one end of the continuum would be restaurants with ? ? Minimum service No covers or simple place mats ? ? ? A quick pace Fast foods prepared easily A general informality to the entire operation 7 TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS †¦ The other end of the continuum would be the establishments with ? ? ? ? Luxurious surroundings Table linens Silver service ware China and Crystal glassware ? ? ? ? ? Flowers Soft music An unhurried pace Skilled servers Expensive, well-prepared, and well-presented foods and wines TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS ? Family-style restaurants, diners, and some chain restaurants would be on one end of the continuum ? Trattorias, bistros, and supper clubs in the middle ? Classic gourmet, upscale, and fine-dining restaurants on the other 9 TYPES OF ESTABLISHMENTS ? No matter which combination of amenities make up the whole, the guest has every right to expect †¦ A smile †¦ That his or her order be correctly taken and delivered †¦ That the check is presented promptly and for the correct amount regardless of the setting ? Good service is still the key to running any successful operation 10 FRENCH SERVICE ? Most elegant of table services ? Formal type of service originated for European nobility †¦ Prolonged and expensive type of service †¦ Used in upscale restaurant, elegant hotel dining rooms, cruise ships, resorts, and casinos ? Food is either cooked or completed tableside †¦ Brought from the kitchen on heavy silver platters †¦ Gueridon (cart) and Rechaud (stove) ? The food is completed by cooking, deboning, filleting, slicing, flambe, and garnishing as necessary †¦ Served to the guests on heated plates 1 FRENCH SERVICE ? Maitre d'hotel is in charge of the dining room ? Captain is in charge of a section to the dining room †¦ Seats the guests, takes guest’s orders and supervises table service ? French table service employs two servers working together †¦ Chef du rang (principle server) ? Receives orders form the captain, serves the drinks, prepares the food ta bleside, and presents the check †¦ Commis du rang (assistant) ? Takes the orders to the kitchen, picks up the food, serves the plates, clears the dishes and stands ready to assist the chef du rang Sommelier brings wine list and serves wine 12 FRENCH SERVICE ? Silverware brought with each course ? Service plate or show plate is part of the cover †¦ Remains until main course and replaced for salad and dessert ? Service is from the right, clearing from the right †¦ Except for bread, butter and salad to the left †¦ Soiled dishes are cleared only when all guests have completed their meal ? Finger bowls are proper after each course ? Wine only 13 FRENCH SERVICE ? Advantages: †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ Elegant Attentive Showcases food High check average ? Disadvantages: †¦ Highly trained staff ? High labor costs Investment in carts, platters, china, crystal, and silverware †¦ †¦ Fewer turns of tables Fewer tables in dining room. 14 RUSSIAN SERVICE ? Similar to French service in many respects †¦ Formal with great elegance and showmanship ? Table setting same as French service †¦ Plates for each course set in front of guest ? Differences: †¦ Only one server †¦ Food is fully prepared and attractively arranged on silver platters in the kitchen ? Heated plate placed before each guest from the right side †¦ Clockwise around the table RUSSIAN SERVICE Platters of food are brought to the dining room from the kitchen †¦ Presented to the guest at the table †¦ All foods served from serving dish or platter ? Standing to the left of each guest with the platter in the left hand, the server shows each guest the food †¦ Using a large spoon and fork in the right hand, dishes up the desired portion †¦ Continues counterclockwise around the table †¦ Remaining food returned to the kitchen RUSSIAN SERVICE ? As with French service †¦ Finger bowls are proper after each course †¦ Soiled dishes are cleared only when all guests have completed their meal Especially useful at elegant banquets RUSSIAN SERVICE ? Advantages †¦ Elegant †¦ Faster and less expensive than French service †¦ No extra space for carts needed ? Disadvantages †¦ Need trained staff †¦ Capital investment in silver platters †¦ Last served from same platter ENGLISH AND FAMILY SERVICE ? Formal family service or host service †¦ Typical of a meal served by servants in a private home ? Foods brought on platters and in serving dishes placed before the host at the head of the table †¦ Host (or one of the servants) carves the meat, if necessary, or dishes up the entree †¦ The hostess (or one of the servants) serves vegetables, salads, desserts and beverages Plates are handed to the server on the left, who serves the guest of honor and all other guests †¦ Sauces and side dishes placed on the table to be passed by the guests ? Place settings similar to American service ENGLISH AND FAMILY SERVICE ? Advantages †¦ Great deal of showmanship †¦ Casual dining †¦ Guests control portions †¦ Less service skill needed ? Disadvantages †¦ Less formal †¦ No presentation †¦ Time consuming †¦ Host and hostess required to do a lot of the work AMERICAN SERVICE Simplest form of table service †¦ Less formal than French, Russian, or English ? Most prevalent style of service in U. S. restaurants ? Utensils set in order of use †¦ Water glass at tip of knife †¦ Wine glass to the right of the water †¦ Dishes and silver ~1† from table edge ? Food dished in the kitchen †¦ Except for salad and bread and butter, most food placed on the dinner plate AMERICAN SERVICE ? Foods served from the left, beverages from the right †¦ Left with left, right with right ? Soiled dishes removed from the right †¦ Do not remove until all are done the course The American breakfast and lunch table setting differs f rom the American dinner setting †¦ Breakfast and lunch require only a limited amount of service ware †¦ Dinner involves courses and service ware AMERICAN SERVICE ? Advantages †¦ Simple and casual or complex and elegant †¦ Portion control †¦ Less service skill needed ? Disadvantages †¦ Less personal †¦ Guests can not choose portion 23 LAYING COVERS FOR TABLE SERVICE ? When laying a table in readiness for service there are a variety of place settings, which have to be laid according to the type of meal and service being offered ? A cover denotes all the necessary cutlery, flatware, crockery, glassware and linen necessary to a lay a certain type of place setting for a specific meal 24 AMERICAN BREAKFAST AND LUNCH COVER ? Includes: †¦ Dinner fork †¦ Dinner knife †¦ Teaspoon †¦ Napkin †¦ B plate †¦ Butter knife (optional) †¦ Water glass 25 AMERICAN BREAKFAST COVER 26 AMERICAN LUNCH COVER 27 AMERICAN DINNER COVER 28 AMERICAN (FORMAL) DINNER COVER 29 BANQUET SERVICE ? Involves serving a meal to a group of people gathered for a special occasion ? The cover is generally set with American settings †¦ Modified to the particular menu French, Russian or buffet service may be utilized at a banquet †¦ The table will be set accordingly ? Before the guest arrives or is seated: †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ Water is poured Butter is placed on B plates Baskets of rolls arranged on the tables Cold course may be pre-set 30 BANQUET SERVICE ? Food is put on the plates in the kitchen †¦ Served to the guests in the usual American style ? Or in the French, Russian or buffet style as predetermined ? The head table is served first ? Water and coffee are replenished periodically ? If guest are to remain after dinner, tables should be cleared and tidy at the completion of the meal ? No check is presented 31 BANQUET SERVICE ? Advantages: †¦ Menu and serving time pre-determined †¦ Service routine simple †¦ Few servers ? Disadvantages: †¦ Little personal service †¦ Close quarters ? Makes service difficult 32 FAMILY STYLE SERVICE ? Modification of American service †¦ Informal ? Table is set before the meal begins ? Serving dishes and platters are filled in the kitchen and brought to the table †¦ Serving utensils brought with the food ? Serving dishes are passed around the table and people serve themselves †¦ All-you-can-eat may require refilling of serving containers Dishes are cleared and dessert is served in the same manner ? American cover or modification is used FAMILY STYLE SERVICE ? Advantages: †¦ Fast †¦ Few servers ? Disadvantages: †¦ Little personal service †¦ Attractiveness of serving dishes and platters during course of service 34 BUFFET SERVICE ? Usually used when a large number of people are to be served ? A serving area holds everything needed for the meal and guests go through â€Å"the line† serving themselves †¦ The guest either helps themselves or by chefs behind the buffet line (carving station) ? Someone is needed to restock the serving area as necessary ? Silverware and napkins may be located on the buffet table or a complete cover (American) may be pre-set on the table ? Servers usually serve only beverages and desserts †¦ Duties may include appetizer or soup course BUFFET SERVICE ? Advantages †¦ Attractive food display †¦ Speed †¦ Economics †¦ Less service skill needed ? Disadvantages †¦ Replenishment needed †¦ Unattractive food display †¦ Food safety †¦ Capital investment 36 SALAD BARS, OYSTER BARS, AND DESSERT TABLES ? Salad Bar †¦ Self-service concept Guests prepare their own salads from an attractive array of vegetables, fruits, and accoutrements ? Oyster Bar †¦ †¦ Buffet featuring oysters on the half shell and various accoutrements May include other seafood items ? Dessert Table †¦ Display of tortes, pies, cakes, cream puffs, eclairs, fresh fruit, and soft cheeses ? ? Dessert plates and service ware are at hand on the table Dessert trays or carts 37 SALAD BARS, OYSTER BARS, AND DESSERT TABLES ? Advantages †¦ Attractive food display †¦ Less service skill needed Disadvantages †¦ Replenishment needed †¦ Unattractive food display †¦ Timing 38 CAFETERIA SERVICE ? This service exists normally in industrial canteens, colleges, hospitals or hotel cafeterias ? To facilitate quick service, the menu is fixed and is displayed on large boards †¦ Sometimes food is displayed behind the counter and the guests may indicate their choice to the counter attendant ? Guests select foods ? The food is served pre-plated and the cutlery is handed directly to the guest ? Scramble system limits lines 39 COUNTER SERVICE Tall stools are placed along a counter so that the guest may eat the food at the counter itself †¦ The covers are generally laid out on the counter ? Food is either displayed behind the counter for the guests to choose from, or is listed on a menu card or com mon black board 40 GRILL ROOM SERVICE ? In this form of service various meats are grilled in front of the guest ? The meats may be displayed behind a glass partition or well decorated counter so that the guest can select his exact cut of meat ? The food comes pre-plated 41 BREAKFAST SERVICES There are basically two types of breakfast offered in hotels and restaurants †¦ The Continental Breakfast and the English Breakfast ? The Continental Breakfast originated in Europe †¦ It is a light meal as the Europeans normally have a heavy mid-day meal ? The English breakfast is heavy and is a major meal of the day †¦ A traditional English breakfast runs into six or seven courses 42 BUTLER SERVICE ? Similar to Russian service †¦ Guests serve themselves †¦ Offered from left side for food ? ? Counterclockwise Serving fork and spoon used by guest. BUTLERED SERVICE ? Waiters pass hors d'oeuvres or beverages from trays Similarly to how a butler would wait on guests in a pri vate home. ? Elegant option, especially as guests won't have to wait in line to get a drink, and it will remind them of the options available to them ? Requires slightly more staff than stationary hors d'oeuvres and a bartender 44 COMPROMISE SERVICE ? This is a combination of the very formal Russian and the English ? Part of the food (usually the salad and dessert) is served from the kitchen and part is served at the table with the host or hostess dishing up the main course †¦ There is still the presence of service staff

Characters of the Lord of the Flies

A group of boys have been stranded on an isolated tropical island, after escaping from their shot – down plane. A large disfigurement was created in the untouched jungle, symbolizing the first of man's destruction on the island; it was not going to be the last. The first characters we meet are Ralph and Piggy. Ralph who represents democracy and order, whilst Piggy represents intelligence and social order. They realize that the island is uninhibited and that civilization does not exist, and if it did it would be on their terms. This excites them and so they explore the island, until a conch is found. The Conch is symbolic of common sense and discipline. Its beauty strikes us when Ralph and Piggy find it, but it is forgotten as they put it to use to call the other survivors. Leaders are elected and rules are set but for how long will they be kept? Friendships deteriorate as leadership is questioned. The rules of home dictate their initial behavior, as all the boys respond to how they have been nurtured. Ralph is a twelve-year-old boy archetypal, very British boy, whose father is in the navy. â€Å"You could see now that he might make a boxer, as far as width and heaviness of shoulders went, but there was a mildness about his mouth and eyes that proclaimed no devil.† At the beginning, Ralph is insulting and unfriendly to Piggy, to whom he feels superior and so acts like it. Ralph is excited about not having any grown ups around and shows his delight by standing on his head. At this stage, Ralph has no responsibilities and so is free to do as he wishes. He does not seem panicked or worried that they won't be rescued as he has total faith that his father will save them. Ralph is elected leader and is very reasonable. Also, because he attaches no importance to being a chorister or prefect, he can be intolerant of jack. Ralph is very dependent on piggy, however boring he finds him; it's because of his logic and mature thoughts that attract them together. Ralph enjoys having meetings; it reminds him that he is the leader and that he got elected and has responsibilities. Ralph is slowly realising that it is fun to have no grow up's around, but they need to be rescued. Ralph and jack's friendship starts to deteriorate, Ralph is being sensible whilst jack is only thinking about having fun. Ralph starts to feel despondent about ever convincing the boys of the importance of building shelters. He is impatient with the littlun's and sought's help from jack. † You wouldn't care to help with the shelters, I suppose?† But there is no point as Ralph soon realizes. Ralph and jack are really beginning to fight and this foreshadows future conflicts. Ralph is outraged and angry when they miss a ship, which could have rescued them. When Ralph first arrived on the island he had no worries, it suited him being in charge but as time went on he became paranoid and scared. He carries civilized values, which enable him to be strong when he needs to be. Jack is first seen marching the choir, he treats them with authority. He is arrogant and unpleasant, not what his singing uniform suggests. â€Å"Inside the floating cloak he was tall, thin and bony: and his hair was red beneath the black cap. His face was crumpled and freckled, and ugly without silliness.† Jack becomes in charge of the army, which he is content with, as he loves adventure. He is unsympathetic to Simon when he faints because of the heat; he see's him as weak and is unimpressed. When a pig is first spotted, Jack cannot bring himself to kill it and is angry with himself. â€Å"I was choosing a place, Next time.† His desire for violence, his bloodlust is still held in check by the rules of society. At the meetings, rules are set, Jack is excited and thinks the rules do not apply to him as he is a chapter chorister and head boy. Jack shows signs of belligerence when he argues with Ralph about the fire signal, he is becoming power hungry. During the chapter Jack becomes solely concerned with hunting and cannot see the necessity of other things that can keep them alive. â€Å"I'd like to catch a pig first† â€Å"He snatched up his spear and dashed it into the ground. The opaque, mad look came into his eyes again.† Jack has become a hunter, he is slowly losing his human characteristics and becoming a predator. Jack conceals his real identity when he paints his face. The mask enables him to deny who he is and frees him to behave as he wants. At one point he looks at his reflection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"He looked in astonishment, no longer at himself but at an awesome stranger.† Jack changes friends as well, him and Ralph have totally different ideas and priorities, whilst Piggy just annoys him. Jack becomes friends with Roger and they are evil together. When Jack hears of their chance of rescue, he is not bothered and had to remember what rescue was, instead he is proud as they caught their first pig. Jack starts up a ritual chant, he is very much in control and is bloodthirsty. His personality is overcome by power and he loses his name, this is not the Jack we saw at the start of the book. † I cut the pigs throat,† said jack proudly. † Can I borrow yours Ralph to make a nick in the hilt?† The perfect prefect becomes the perfect savage. † He was a skinny, vivid little boy, with a glance coming up from under a hut of straight hair that hung down, black and course.† Simon is one of the choristers. Although regarded as â€Å"Queer† and † Batty† by the boys, Simon is friendly and helpful. Simon is very aware of his surroundings, which is seen when he goes on the expedition with Ralph and Jack. He describes a certain bush as†¦ â€Å"Candle Buds† Showing his fragility and spiritually. He is patient with the littlun's and would rather pick fruit than kill and pig. Simon's actions present him as an intrinsically good, peaceful and caring character, in contrast with others. Simon is the only one who goes off on his own and does not seem to be afraid of the forest. He is intuitive, introspective and different from the others. The secret place that Simon finds displays the islands vibrancy and life. â€Å"Holding his breath he cocked a critical ear at the sounds of the island.† Simon is the outside the hunter mentality and the leader mentality. He exists in terms of his sensitivity to what is outside him. Like a clairvoyant, he repeatedly tells Ralph: † You'll get back to where you came from.† He is positive in that aspect, however he feels the sand is a bad one and is evil. Although Simon is different and unafraid unlike most of the other boy's, his mysterious nature makes him interesting and unusual. During the first four chapters we see him close up and be on his own more than at the beginning when he went exploring and was helping the others. The changes were soul and gradual. † His feet left prints in the soft soil and the creepers shivered throughout their lengths when he bumped them.† † Simon turned away from them and went where the just perceptible path led him.† The character of Piggy is firmly grounded in reality by his nickname, which immediately conjures up a physical image of him. â€Å"He smeared the sweat from his cheeks and adjusted the spectacles on his nose.† Piggy meets Ralph first, and immediately we see that they are very different people. Both their backgrounds determine this, but still they have to depend on each other. From what we know Piggy is an Orphan who lived with his aunt who owned a sweet shop. That explains his size. † I used to get ever so many sweets. As many as I liked.† However clumsy Piggy seems, he is actually very intelligent and when he found the conch, he engineered it so Ralph got the credit for it. He looks up to Ralph and has a lot of respect for him. He rejoices when Ralph smiles at something he said and misinterprets it as friendliness, whilst Ralph finds him boring and dull. From the beginning, Piggy is seen as an outsider. He is ridiculed, sneered at and continually teased, whether it is his appearance or his asthma. The group holds countless meetings when they arrive and Piggy becomes an interpreter. He is good-natured and is kind to the younger ones, he responds to how his aunt would. â€Å"Acting like a crowd of kids† † I bet it's gone tea time.† Piggy naively believes that if only they were to behave like grown-ups all would be well, and they would be saved. He becomes a mature figure who becomes uneasy and worried when the boy with the birthmark disappears. Piggy is averse to most of the other boys, who he thinks are acting like little children, they are children but piggy see's the responsibilities as the adult figure. When rules are laid down, piggy follows then and expects the others to as well, he always is desperate to hold onto the rules of society which are slowly deteriorating in the others. The rules which Piggy had at home dictate his behavior on the island. In conclusion to my essay, We see how young boys would react to being stranded on a deserted island with no adults, and no rules of society to dictate how they should behave. Through this essay we have seen the obvious changes in the boys characters and the consequences and effect on the other boys. I have studies the main four characters looking how they have influenced eachother and how they reacted to living on an lsland. Jack who's arrogance made him become savage and bloodthirsty for power and meat. Ralph who's care free ways changed when he has elected chief. Piggy who left his naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve ways behind and spoke up for him self. Simon changed but very gradually and sutally. If they had stayed on the Island for much longer I am sure that Jack would have become more powerful as his tribe would fear him and so agree with everything he did. However Ralph would not have survived as Jack would not have allowed it. All these represent individuals and how they changed during the first four chapters of Lord of the flies.

Demise of Mongols essays

Demise of Mongols essays The Mongols were nomads, people who depended mainly on livestock for their livelihood. They were constantly on the move in response to seasons and searching for better grazing for their herds. This moving about also created opportunities and channels for trade with the different peoples and cultures with whom the Mongols came in contact. The Mongols themselves traded for commodities that they did not produce but needed iron being a good example. They also traded with agricultural people to obtain grain, vegetables, cotton and silk. This simple economic structure of the Mongols was inadequate to support the vast empire that the Great Khans had created during the 13th century. As the Mongols united nomadic tribes and expanded across the steppes of Asia and into the Middle East, Russia and China, they relied on resources taken from the acquired lands and societies to sustain their armies, infrastructure and other needs. Basically they took the wealth from others and used a system of harsh taxation to meet the rising costs of the empire. On the one hand the Mongols promoted economic development by opening up trade routes and permitting a freer flow of goods from one region to another, while on the other hand they were an economic burden to the societies they controlled. The Mongols were also inclusive, bringing captured people (at least those they did not kill or enslave) into their empire. This practice let them magnify their success by acquiring more people and armies but also stretched their Mongol leaders very thinly over a huge territory. So while the Mongols created unprecedented commercial integration and controlled a huge land area, they financed their empire by imposing heavy taxes and plundering they were wealth takers not builders. Similarly, while they brought together many peoples they had no common system for administration as had the Romans or the Greeks. Thei ...

Really Funny Quotes From Famous People

Really Funny Quotes From Famous People There are funny quotes and then there are funny quotes. Some really make you guffaw, while others rarely make your lips curl in mirth. Truly, there are only a few award-winning really funny quotes that make you laugh over and over again. Here are a few really funny quotes that are different from the others and have stood the test of time. Colonel Sanders Theres no reason to be the richest man in the cemetery. You cant do any business from there. Roseanne Barr Experts say you should never hit your children in anger. When is a good time? When youre feeling festive? W.C. Fields I am free of all prejudices. I hate everyone equally. Milton Berle Theyve finally come up with the perfect office computer. If it makes a mistake, it blames another computer. George Gobel If it werent for electricity wed all be watching television by candlelight. Groucho Marx I find television very educating. Every time somebody turns on the set, I go into the other room and read a book. Voltaire It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong. Oscar Wilde By persistently remaining single a man converts himself into a permanent public temptation. Ellen DeGeneres My grandmother started walking five miles a day when she was sixty. Shes ninety-seven now, and we dont know where the hell she is. Tommy Cooper You know, somebody actually complimented me on my driving today. They left a little note on the windscreen, it said Parking Fine. Oscar Levant Roses are red, violets are blue, Im schizophrenic, and so am I. Flip Wilson If you think nobody cares if youre alive, try missing a couple of car payments. Joey Adams If it werent for the fact that the TV set and the refrigerator are so far apart, some of us wouldnt get any exercise at all. Mike Myers My theory is that all of Scottish cuisine is based on a dare. Emo Philips I was walking down Fifth Avenue today and I found a wallet, and I was gonna keep it, rather than return it, but I thought:  well, if I lost a hundred and fifty dollars, how would I feel? And I realized I would want to be taught a lesson. Steven Wright If at  first, you dont succeed, then skydiving definitely isnt for you. Robin Williams Why do they call it rush hour when nothing moves? Jerry Seinfeld There is no such thing as fun for the whole family. Joan Rivers I knew I was an unwanted baby when I saw that my bath toys were a toaster and a radio. Larry David When youre not concerned with succeeding, you can work with complete freedom. Lewis Black Do you know what meteorologist means in English? It means liar. Mae West When Im good, Im very good. But when Im bad Im better. Alice Roosevelt Longworth If you havent got anything nice to say about anybody, come sit next to me.

Morality in Business Essay Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Analysis of Morality in Business - Literature review Example   For instance, in the present day, the majority of the big businesses sponsor their dedication to non-financial standards under captions such as ethics regulations and social accountability agreements. Individuals of a similar business hardly ever meet together, even for fun and entertainment, although the discussion finishes in a scheme in opposition to the community or in a number of plans to increase costs. Governments employ regulations as well as directives to channel business activities in what they consider to be advantageous ways. Ethics unreservedly control areas and aspects of activities that stay away from governmental power. The materialization of huge businesses with restricted associations as well as understanding to the society within which they function hastened the growth of official ethics administrations. Companies began emphasizing on their ethical standing during the late 1980s and near the beginning 1990s, perhaps tempting to detach themselves from the busine ss humiliations of the day, for instance, the investments and mortgage disaster. The initiative of business ethics got the consideration of intellectuals, media, and business organizations â€Å"by the last part, the Cold War† (Ferrell et al, p. 221).  Ã‚   If a business's intention is to take full advantage of shareholder profits, then forfeiting earnings to other issues is an infringement of its â€Å"fiduciary responsibility†. Business firms are officially regarded as people within the United States of America as well as in the majority of states. The businesspersons are officially allowed to the constitutional rights and legal responsibilities because of citizens as individuals. Ethical concerns take account of the constitutional rights and responsibilities between a business and its human resources, contractors, clientele and fellow citizens, its fiduciary accountability to its stakeholders. Concerns regarding associations between various businesses take account of â€Å"hostile takeovers as well as industrial espionage† (Ferrell et al, p. 285). Associated concerns take account of corporate supremacy; private enterprise; political involvements; officially authorized concerns, for instance, the moral discussion about s etting up an offense of corporate assassination; and the advertising of businesses' ethics guidelines.  Ã‚  

The Determinants of Effective Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Determinants of Effective Leadership - Essay Example As the discussion declares effective leaders in an organization are executives who support the optimal performance of a group of subordinates. They are known to add great value to an organization. Highly effective executives who are also known as peak performers are noted to have productivity rates that are 25 to 50 percent higher than their minimally effective or poorly performing counterparts. Highly effective leadership is characterized by productivity, health, relational behaviour, or any combination of these factors, which result in performance at optimal level.This paper highlights that  the main goals of effective leadership are: facilitating organizational goal setting and helping to achieve them, promoting optimal levels of individual motivation, commitment and satisfaction, facilitating effective interactions among individuals within teams, helping employees to set high goals for themselves, and place the organization’s effectiveness above their own self-interests.   The effective leader operates concurrently on the performance as well as the people of the organization or unit. Performance depicts both the process of how things get done, the length of time taken, as well as the outcome of productivity and quality. The aim of performance is productivity and the aim for people is health.  The effective leader operates both successfully, involving both productivity and health.

Business research method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business research method - Essay Example se, it is necessary to use the following steps in order to determine whether the bias in recommending for promotion was a change variable or was due to discrimination. The students could work in groups and brainstorm regarding the possibility of discrimination or the absence of it. It is next necessary to work out a two way mathematical table showing the two variables- recommended or not recommended for promotion, and gender- male / females. It is now necessary to consider the three possible outcomes that could arise: From the above, it is well discerned that there is no element of discrimination present. In the event, where there was perceived discrimination against women, the figures for recommendation would not be as figured above. The use of the simulation technique is indeed a robust tool for repeating the exercise several times to determine its probability or the absence of it. In this case however, it is seen that the value of probability of occurrence of discrimination is just 4%. Thus in most cases, the theory of discrimination may not hold water and could be rejected after ruling out the possibilities of Type 1 or Type II errors. Typically, a Type I error is when we could make an error in asserting that discrimination against women does play a part, when actually it has not; and secondly Type II error, when in reality, there being evidence of discrimination against women, but it was not accepted. Navigating through data analysis: Chapter 2: Making decisions with categorical data. (2009). Navigations Series, p.1. Retrieved June 1, 2010, from

Introduction to Chemical Kinetics

Introduction to Chemical Kinetics Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Chemical kinetics Chemical kinetics is the branch of chemistry that deals with the rates or velocity, at which a chemical reaction occurs and also the factors affecting the rates. The word â€Å"kinetic† means the movement or change; here it refers to the velocity of a reaction, which is the change in the concentration of a reactant or a product with time. Kinetic investigation of a reaction is usually carried out with two main objectives in mind. Analysis of the sequence of elementary reactions leading to the overall reaction. i.e. To arrive at the plausible reaction mechanism. Determination of absolute rate of the reaction. There are several reasons for studying the kinetics of a reaction. At the outset, there is an essential curiosity about â€Å"why some reactions are fast and some are slow?† Some phenomena, like photosynthesis, hydrocarbon combustion and nuclear reactions, take place on a time scale as short as pico seconds to micro seconds. Other processes like the setting and hardening of cement and the transformation of graphite to diamond, take longer period of time to complete. Practically, a good understanding of reaction rates is useful, in waste water treatment, in pollution control, in drug design and in food processing. Chemists working in industry give more importance to speed up the rate of a reaction and also to increase the productivity. Chemical kinetics is a tool to understand fundamental aspects of reaction pathways, a subject that continues evolution with ongoing research. The knowledge rate of reaction has many practical applications. The kinetic study provides the valuable information about the rate and mechanism of chemical reaction, which helps out in running a chemical reaction successfully by selecting optimum reaction conditions. Generally, reactions are represented by following equation Reactants →Products This equation indicates that as the reaction proceeds, reactants are consumed and products are formed. Consequently, the progress of the reaction can be followed by monitoring the change in the concentration of reactants (decrease) or products (increase). The kinetic investigation also helps us to study the factors which have an effect on the rate of reaction like temperature, pressure, substrate concentration, oxidant concentration, dielectric constant, ionic strength and catalyst concentration. For example, kinetic study helps in optimizing reaction conditions for industrial processes, in understanding the complex dynamics of the environmental problems, in understanding the very complicated bio-chemical reactions that are the basis of life. Generally, reactions involving organic reactants have several plausible pathways. Kinetic analysis of atmospheric reactions helps us to understand chemical transformations of pollutants released in the atmosphere. At a more fundamental level, we want to understand what happens to the molecules in a chemical reaction. By understanding this concept we can develop the theories, which can be used to predict the outcome and rate of reactions. We presume that in order to react, the colliding molecules must possess a total kinetic energy equal to or greater than the activation energy (Ea). The activation energy is the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction. When molecules collide, they form an activated complex (also called the transition state or quasi equilibrium state), formed as a result of the collision of reactant molecules before they form the product. A +B → AB†¡ → C + D Where AB†¡ denotes an activated complex formed by the collision between A and B. If the products are more stable than the reactants, then the reaction occurs with a release of heat; i.e., the reaction is exothermic. Conversely, if the products are less stable than the reactants, then the reaction occurs with the absorption of heat from the surroundings; i.e., the reaction is endothermic. The plots of potential energy of the reacting system versus the progress of the reaction qualitatively show the potential energy changes as reactants are converted in to products. The Arrhenius Equation The Arrhenius equation explains dependence of the rate constant of a reaction on temperature: k = Ae-Ea/RT (1) Where, Ea →activation energy of the reaction (in kJ/mol), R→ Universal gas constant (8.314 J/K/ mol), T → absolute temperature A → frequency factor which represents frequency of collision. It can be treated as a constant for a given reacting system over a reasonably wide temperature range. Equation (1) shows that the rate constant is directly proportional to frequency factor (A) and, therefore, to the collision frequency. Further, due to the negative sign on exponent Ea/RT, the rate constant decreases with increasing activation energy and increases with increasing temperature. This equation can be simplified by taking the natural logarithm on both sides, ln k = ln AeEa/RT (2) (3) Rearrangement of equation (3) leads to the following linear equation, (4) Therefore, a plot of ln k versus 1/T gives a straight line with a slope m and intercept c. The slope m is equal to Ea/RT and the intercept c is equal to ln A. One of the important uses of chemical kinetics is to provide the information which is required to propose the plausible mechanism of a reaction. The order of a reaction can be used to interpret the reaction on molecular level. The reaction mechanism is predicted in the way in which molecular bonds break and atoms rearrange during the reaction by considering the order of a reaction with respect to different reactive species. Almost all the information regarding reaction mechanism comes by implication of indirect evidence. It is the responsibility of chemists to plan the proper experimental method to generate most conclusive truths or evidences for the reaction. The main steps in any kinetic study are; (1) measurement of rate constant and reaction order (2) establishment of relationships between the rate and reaction mixture composition (3) identification of intermediates and products and (4) interpretation of the collected data to arrive at plausible reaction mechanism. If Chemistry is producing new substances out of old substances (i.e., chemical reactions), then there are two basic questions that must be answered: Is the reaction feasible? This is the subject of chemical thermodynamics. If the reaction is feasible then how fast? This is the subject of chemical kinetics. Kinetic studies constitute an important source of mechanistic information on the reaction, this is well demonstrated with respect to unsaturated acids in both aqueous [[1][2]] and non-aqueous media [[3]]. 1.1.1 The main importance of kinetic investigations are Product and intermediate identification. Determination of concentration of all reactant species present in the reaction. Deciding the method may be used to determine the rate. The kinetic analysis. Determination of the mechanism. 1.1.2 Applications of kinetics The chemist uses kinetics to plan new and better ways of achieving desired chemical reactions. This may involve in increasing the yield of desired products or discovering a better catalyst. The mathematical models, which are used by chemists and chemical engineer to predict chemical kinetics, provide information to understand and describe chemical processes such as ozone depletion, waste water treatment, decaying of food and vegetables, microorganism growth, and the chemistry of biological systems. The mathematical models can also be applied in the design and fabrication of chemical reactors for optimization to get good yield, better separation of products, and to eliminate environmentally hazardous by-products. Kinetics has an ample of applications in the field of medicine. Chemical kinetics plays an important role in the administration of drugs, in addition to respiration and metabolism mechanisms. For example, the mechanisms for the controlled/sustained release of drugs are based on the half-life period of the substances used and sometimes the pH of the body as well. Half life period and pH have an effect on the way in which dosages are determined and prescribed. The reaction rates and the conditions in which the reactions occur are vital for determining certain aspects of environmental protection. For example, the depletion of ozone layer by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) is best understood through an analysis of catalyzed chemical reactions. 1.1.3 Kinetic Methods in chemical analysis For catalyzed reactions the rate of reaction depends on the catalyst concentrations and hence, a kinetic–catalytic method of analysis of the catalytic species becomes available. Thus, a method of analysis can be developed down to the ppm level in several cases [[4]-,[5][6]]. The development of kinetic methods is an inseparable part of modern analytical chemistry. Great demands are placed on the precision, sensitivity, rapidity and possible automation of analytical methods. This necessitates progress in the physico-chemical methods, employing the most varied chemical, physico-chemical and physical properties of substances for their analysis. As reactions from the basis of most analytical methods, it is unimaginable that the dynamic character of chemical reactions would remain unused for analytical purposes. As has been shown recently, kinetic methods often provide the solution to the analytical problems more effectively than is possible using equilibrium methods [[7]]. Certainly, the most widespread use of kinetic methods is in biochemical and clinical laboratories, where analysis is based on kinetics than on thermodynamics. 1.2 Electron transfer reactions Electron transfer reactions play a key role in physico-chemical and biological processes. Because of the ubiquity of electron transfer processes, the study of electron transfer reactions, perhaps more so than that of any other area of chemistry is characterized by a strong interplay of theory and experiment [[8]]. The significance of electron transfer reaction in transition metal chemistry and in physical-organic chemistry is well documented [[9][10]]. Prof. R. A. Marcus received Nobel Prize in the year 1992 for the discovery of â€Å"Electron Transfer Reactions† and Prof. Ahmed Zewail received Nobel Prize in the year 1999 for the discovery of â€Å"Femtochemistry† and 2001 Nobel prize to Prof. William Knowles, Prof. K. Barry Sharpless and Prof. Royji Noyori for their work on â€Å"Chirally Catalyzed Hydrogenation Reactions† and Nobel Prize for the year 2005 to Prof. Robert Grubbs, Richard Schrock, and Yves Chauvin on their contribution to â€Å"Metathesis Catalyst Technology† put emphasis on the importance of reaction kinetics. The research work of Henry Taube [[11]] in redox systems explicitely demonstrated the transport of electron from reductant species to oxidant species. This discovery indeed added many essential features in the syntheses of metal complexes and organo-metallic compounds. An oxidation reaction is always accompanied by a reduction reaction, such reactions are called redox reactions [[12]]. Therefore, redox reaction needs at least two reactants, one capable of gaining electrons (oxidant) and the other capable of losing electrons (reductant), i.e., a reductant by losing electrons, gets oxidized and an oxidant by gaining the electrons gets reduced. Redox reactions are the basis for various biochemical transformations and chemistry of cells, biosynthesis, and regulation [[13]]. Electron transfer reactions may take place through outer or inner sphere mechanisms. References [1]. R. Stewart, Oxidation in Organic Chemistry, in K.B. Wiberg (Ed.), Part A., Academic Press, New York, 1965. [2]. D. G. Lee, E. J. Lee and K. C. Brown, Phase Transfer Catalysis, New Chemistry, Catalysts and Applications, ACS Symposium Series No. 326, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1987. [3].J. F. Perez-Benito and D. G. Lee, Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of unsaturated carboxylic acids by methyl tributyl ammonium permanganate in methylene chloride solutions, J. Org. Chem., Vol. 52, 1987, pp.3239-3243. [4] . S. M. Tuwar, S. T. Nandibewoor and J. R. Raju, Analysis of Palladium (II) by a kinetic method and Mercury (I) by volumetry. Indian J. Chem., Vol.29A, 1990, pp. 825-826. [5].S.T.Nandibewoor and V. A. Morab, Chromium(iii)-catalyzed oxidation of antimony(iii) by alkaline hexacyanoferrate(iii) and analysis of chromium(iii) in microamounts by a kinetic method,J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 1995, pp.483-488. [6]. P. L. Timmanagoudar, G. A. Hiremath and S. T. Nandibewoor, Osmium(viii) catalyzed oxidation of antimony(iii) by alkaline hexacyanoferrate(iii) and analysis of osmium(viii) in micro amount by a kinetic method, Indian J. Chem.,Vol. 35A, 1996,pp.1084-1090. [7]. G. Svehla, â€Å"Kinetic Methods in Chemical Analysis Application of Computers in Analytical Chemistry†, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York, Vol. 18, 1983, pp. 19. [8] . J. J. Zuckerman, â€Å"Inorganic Reactions and Methods†, VCH Publishers, Florida, Vol. 15, 1986, pp.1-22. [9] . Sir. G. Wilkinson, â€Å"Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry†, Pergamon Press, Vol. 1, 1987, pp.327-332. [10] . R. A. Sheldon and J. K. Kochi, â€Å"Metal Catalyzed Oxidation of Organic Compounds†, Academic Press, New York, 1981, pp. 387-407. [11]. H. Taube, Electron Transfer Reactions of Metal Complexes in Solution†, Academic Press, New York, 1967. [12] . H. J. Price and H. Taube, Reduction of ÃŽ ±-carbonylcarboxylic acid complexes of pentaamminecobalt (III) by chromous, vanadous, and hexaammineruthenium(II) ions, Inorg. Chem., Vol. 7 (1), 1968, pp. 1–9. [13]. J. H. Espenson, Inner-Sphere Reduction of an Azidocobalt(III) Complex by Vanadium(II). Kinetics of Formation and Decomposition of the Metastable Monoazidovanadium (III) Ion, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol.89 (5), 1967,pp. 1276–1278.